Estudio fitoquímico de Argyrochosma Nivea (poir) Windham (cuti cuti) / Phytochemical study of argyrochosma nivea (poir.) windham (poir.) desv. (cuti cuti)

Nuestro país presenta un gran potencial de plantas medicinales en todo su territorio, por ser megadiverso, con muchas regiones agroecologicas y formaciones vegetales, pese a ello es incipiente la atención al desarrollo de las cadenas de valor del potencial de plantas medicinales, constituyendo un desafío el registro adecuado, con calidad y seguridad porque previenen y solucionan dificultades de salud por sus principios activos. Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, "cuti cuti" conocido también como Notholaena nivea. Objetivos: Determinar los grupos metabólicos del extracto alcohólico al 20% de Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, administrado a pacientes de diabetes del programa de medicina complementaria, EsSALUD Huancayo. Materiales y métodos: Estudios descriptivo, comparativo. La recolección de información relevante de aspectos botánicos, etnobotánicos, etnofarmacológicos y fitoquímicos sobre Argyrochosma nivea se realizó mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed y la biblioteca virtual del CONCYTEC (servicio de esa institución que reúne revistas de SciELO-Perú y la producción científica y tecnológica del Perú); además, se utilizó el buscador Google-Académico con el fin de agotar la búsqueda. Los términos de búsqueda fueron "Argyrochosma nivea", "Notholaena nivea" o "cuti cuti". Resultados: La Tintura de Argyrochosma nivea al 20% preparado con alcohol etílico al 50% en el analisis fitoquimico realizado se encontro compuestos de Flavanoides totales 0.111 mg de Catequina/ml, Flavonoides totales 0.133 mg de Quercitina /ml, Polifenoles totales 5.189 mg de ácido gálico/ml, Capacidad Antioxidante* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutina 0.00579 mg de Rutina/ml, Quercitina 0.105mg/ml y Cumarinas 0.170 mg /ml. Ausencia de antocianinas totales, estos valores aportan la capacidad antioxidante de "cuti cuti", y el contenido de flavonoides (quercetina), permite la prevalencia en el tratamiento de la diabetes. Conclusión: El Estudio fitoquimico de Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham (Cuti cuti) mediante el análisis por espectrofotometría y análisis por HPLC verifico la existencia de 7 compuestos Flavanoides totales 0.111 mg de Catequina/ml, Flavonoides totales 0.133 mg de Quercitina /ml, Polifenoles totales 5.189 mg de ácido gálico/ml, Capacidad Antioxidante* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutina 0.00579 mg de Rutina/ml, Quercitina 0.105mg de Qu ercitina/ml y Cumarinas 0.170 mg de Cumarina/ml(AU)

Our country has a great potential for medicinal plants throughout its territory, as it is megadiverse, with many agroecological regions and plant formations, despite this, attention to the development of value chains for the potential of medicinal plants is incipient, constituting a I challenge the proper registration, with quality and safety because they prevent and solve health difficulties due to their active ingredients. Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, "cuti cuti" also known as Notholaena nivea. Objectives: To determine the metabolic groups of the 20% alcoholic extract of Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham, administered to diabetes patients of the complementary medicine program, EsSALUD Huancayo. Methods: Descriptive, comparative studies. The collection of relevant information on botanical, ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical aspects of Argyrochosma nivea was carried out by searching the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed databases and the virtual library of CONCYTEC (a service of that institution that brings together SciELO-Peru journals). and the scientific and technological production of Peru); In addition, the Google-Academic search engine was used in order to exhaust the search. The search terms were "Argyrochosma nivea", "Notholaena nivea" or "cuti cuti". Results: The Argyrochosma nivea tincture at 20% prepared with 50% ethyl alcohol in the phytochemical analysis carried out found compounds of total Flavanoids 0.111 mg of Catechin / ml, total Flavonoids 0.133 mg of Quercetin / ml, total Polyphenols 5.189 mg of acid gallic/ml, Antioxidant Capacity* 424.701 µmol trolox/ml, Rutin 0.00579 mg Rutin/ml, Quercetin 0.105mg/ml and Coumarins 0.170 mg/ml. Absence of total anthocyanins, these values provide the antioxidant capacity of "cuti cuti", and the content of flavonoids (quercetin), allows prevalence in the treatment of diabetes. Conclusion: The phytochemical study of Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham (Cuti cuti) through spectrophotometric analysis and HPLC analysis verified the existence of 7 total Flavanoid compounds 0.111 mg of Catechin/ml, total Flavonoids 0.133 mg of Quercetin /ml, Total polyphenols 5.189 mg of gallic acid/ml, Antioxidant Capacity* 424.701 µ mol trolox/ml, Rutin 0.00579 mg of Rutin/ml, Quercetin 0.105mg of Quercetin/ml and Coumarins 0.170 mg of Coumarin/ml(AU)

In Vitro Antioxidant And Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Alchornea Cordifolia (SCHUMACH And Thonn.) Mull. Arg. And Antrocaryon Klaineanum Pierre Extracts

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts recipe of Alchornea cordifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum. A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Methods: The total phenols content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu reagent method, while the antioxidant activity of both extracts was characterized by the 2-2diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) and β-carotene assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated as the inhibition of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) denaturation and antiproteinase activity. Results: The aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum contained more polyphenols [270 mg Ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g dry weight (dw)] than the hydroethanolic recipe extract (262.41 mg AAE/g dw) at the same concentration level. On the other hand, the aqueous and hydroethanolic recipe extract had the same radical scavenging activity with the antiradical power of 0.851 and 0.830, respectively. Similarly, the recipe extract had the same reducing activity with reducing the power of 94.2±2.03 mg EAA/g dw and 97.4±4.16 mg EAA/g dw for the aqueous and hydroethanolic recipe extract of Alchornea cordifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum respectively. For the anti-inflammatory activity it was observed that both extracts possess the same activity as Diclofenac® with an IC50 of 50.21 μg/ml. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannins, which may account for their activities. Conclusion: The plant recipe extract studied possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials, which may be beneficiary to its consumers.

Phytochemical study of Waltheria viscosissima and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti

Abstract The species Waltheria viscosissima A.St.-Hil, Malvaceae, which is known as 'malva-branca', is traditionally used in the Brazilian northeast for the treatment of coughs. This research looks towards reporting the isolation of phytoconstituents of W. viscosissima, as well as the quantification of its phenolics, total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging potential, along with an evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae. Chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the compounds and a structural elucidation was performed by 1D and 2D NMR. The quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids and the DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity was determined through spectrophotometric methods. Consequently, the phytochemical investigation led to the identification of fourteen compounds from the aerial parts of the W. viscosissima: steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, and eight flavonoids previously reported in the literature. The quantification of compounds showed that the aerial parts extract possessed high concentration of flavonoids, while the roots extract were rich in other phenolic compounds. At the DPPH˙ free radical scavenging assay, the roots extract presented EC50 = 77.32 ± 4.37 µg/ml and the aerial parts extracts showed EC50 = 118.10 ± 1.21 µg/ml. W. viscosissima roots extract showed the most potent larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 4.78 mg/ml), with the potential of being used in effective and economically viable preparations that can be catered for domestic use towards controlling the vector insect of severe diseases, such as dengue and Zika.

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg., Myrtaceae, is a plant popularly used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal and urinary antiseptic activities. The aims of this study were to obtain the crude ethanolic extract and the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, aqueous and concentrated aqueous tannin fractions from C. adamantium leaves, perform biomonitored fractionation to isolate and identify chemical compounds, study the chemical composition of the volatile oils of the leaves and flowers and test the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract, fractions, isolated substances and volatile oils. Phytochemical screening and chromatographic and spectrometric techniques were used. Volatile oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was tested by a broth microdilution test. The component stictane-3,22-diol was isolated and identified from the hexane fraction, while valoneic and gallic acid were isolated and identified from the concentrated aqueous tannin fraction. The major constituents of the volatile oils of the leaves were verbenene (13.91%), β-funebrene (12.05%) and limonene (10.32%), while those of the volatile oils of the flowers were sabinene (20.45%), limonene (19.33%), α-thujene (8.86%) and methyl salicylate (8.66%). Antibacterial activity was verified for the hexane fraction, while antifungal activity was observed for the aqueous fraction and concentrated aqueous tannin fraction and for vanoleic acid. These results may justify the popular use of C. adamantium.

Phytochemical study of Pilosocereus pachycladus and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of syringaldehyde

ABSTRACT Pilosocereus pachycladus F. Ritter, Cactaceae, popularly known as "facheiro", is used as food and traditional medicine in Brazilian caatinga ecoregion. The plant is used to treat prostate inflammation and urinary infection. The present work reports the first secondary metabolites isolated from P. pachycladus. Therefore, the isolated compound 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde (syringaldehyde) was evaluated as modulator of Staphylococcus aureus pump efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance. The isolation of compounds was performed using chromatographic techniques and the structural elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic methods. In order to evaluate syringaldehyde ability to modulate S. aureus antibiotic resistance, its minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml) was first determinate, then, the tested antibiotics minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined in the presence of the syringaldehyde in a sub-inhibitory concentration. The chromatographic procedures led to isolation of twelve compounds from P. pachycladus including fatty acids, steroids, chlorophyll derivatives, phenolics and a lignan. The syringaldehyde did not show any antibacterial activity at 256 µg/ml against S. aureus. On the other hand the compound was able to reduce the antibiotic concentration (tetracycline, norfloxacin, ethidium bromide) required to inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, showing the ability of syringaldehyde of inhibiting the efflux pump on these bacteria.

Estudio fitoquímico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana del Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (Frutillo) / Preliminary phytochemical study and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Solanum Dolichosepalum Bitter (frutillo)

Introducción: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, llamada comúnmente frutillo, es tradicionalmente usada en Colombia como antibacteriano, antiinflamatorio, cicatrizante y en enfermedades renales. La escasa información en bases de datos sobre la planta en estudio no permitió referenciar un mayor número de artículos actuales. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos obtenidos del fruto de S. dolichosepalum y realizar un estudio fitoquímico preliminar. Método: la actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada a partir de cuatro fracciones (F) obtenidas del extracto etanólico de los frutos secos deS. dolichosepalum frente a cepas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa por el método de Kirby-Bauer. La primera fracción se sometió a cromatografía en columna y a sus fracciones se les evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC) por el método de microdilución. Los metabolitos responsables de la actividad antimicrobiana se identificaron por cromatografía de capa delgada en placas de sílica gel (MERCK) y lámpara ultravioleta (365nm). Se realizó finalmente un estudio fitoquímico del extracto etanólico de los frutos para evaluar la presencia de metabolitos bioactivos. Resultados: las pruebas fitoquímicas del extracto etanólico revelaron la presencia de alcaloides, esteroides y/o triterpenoides libres, taninos, saponinas, flavonoides y glucósidos cardiotónicos. De las cuatro fracciones obtenidas a partir de este extracto, las fracciones F1 y F2 tuvieron MIC de 31,25 y 15,62 mg/mL, respectivamente frente a E. coli y de 500 y 31,25 mg/mL frente a S. aureus. F3 y F4 no presentaron inhibición y ninguna fracción tuvo actividad frente a P. aeruginosa. Las fracciones obtenidas por cromatografía en columna a partir de F1 se denominaron F1A, F1B, F1C y F1D; la fracción F 1B mostró la mayor actividad antimicrobiana, con MICs de 35 y 17,5 mg/mL frente a S. aureus y E. coli respectivamente. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos confirman el uso tradicional delS. dolichosepalum como antibacteriana, con actividad frente a E. coli y S. aureus(AU)

Introduction: Solanum dolichosepalum Bitter, commonly known as frutillo, has been traditionally used in Colombia as antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cicatrizant, and to treat renal disease. Due to the scant information about the study plant contained in databases, it was not possible to reference a larger number of current papers. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from the fruit of S. dolichosepalum and conduct a preliminary phytochemical study. Method: The Kirby-Bauer method was applied to four fractions (F) obtained from the ethanolic extract of dry fruits of S. dolichosepalum to evaluate antimicrobial activity against strains ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomona aeruginosa. The first fraction underwent column chromatography and its fractions were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method. Metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity were identified by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates (MERCK) with an ultraviolet lamp (365 nm). Finally, a phytochemical study was conducted of the ethanolic extract of the fruits to determine the presence of bioactive metabolites.Results: Phytochemical testing of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids and/or free triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiotonic glucosides. Of the four fractions obtained from the extract, fractions F1 and F2 had an MIC of 31.25 and 15.62 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli, and 500 and 31.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. F3 and F4 did not show any inhibition, and no fraction displayed any activity against P. aeruginosa. The fractions obtained by column chromatography from F1 were named F1A, F1B, F1C and F1D. Fraction F1B showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 35 and 17.5 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the validity of the traditional use ofS. dolichosepalum as antibacterial, with activity against E. coli and S. aureus(AU)

Caracterización y estudio fitoquímico de Justicia secunda valh (Sanguinaria, Singamochilla, Insulina) / Characterization and phytochemical study of Justicia secunda valh (sanguinaria, singamochilla, insulina)

Introducción: las hojas de Justicia secunda Vahl. son ampliamente utilizadas en las poblaciones rurales de la costa ecuatoriana. Los pobladores la utilizan con fines medicinales sin que se hayan comprobado las propiedades que se le atribuye. El presente estudio se realizó con los extractos hidroalcohólico, alcohólico y etéreo de las hojas. Objetivos: caracterizar la droga cruda y varios extractos de J. secunda para determinar la presencia de metabolitos o principios activos con potencial medicinal y de esta manera analizar la posible utilidad en la elaboración de productos farmacéuticos. Métodos: se analizaron parámetros físico-químicos de la droga cruda, las hojas se recolectaron en la noche, se secaron hasta peso constante en una estufa a 30 °C ± 1 °C por 5 días y posteriormente se trituraron con un mortero, se pesaron y se obtuvieron los extractos por maceración con diversos solventes orgánicos; como etanol al 90 por ciento, éter dietílico y una solución hidroalcohólica al 50 por ciento v/v como menstruos. En el análisis fitoquímico se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas para la determinación de los principales metabolitos presentes en los extractos así como técnicas gravimétricas para determinación de cenizas totales, sólidos totales y porciento de humedad. Resultados: se constató que el contenido de cenizas totales y la humedad residual halladas en la droga cruda se encuentra dentro de los límites establecidos en la USP 37 para artículos de origen botánico. Además, se comprobó la presencia de alcaloides, cumarinas y glucósidos fenólicos en el extracto hidroalcohólico; taninos, glucósidos fenólicos y triterpenos y/o esteroides en el extracto alcohólico y alcaloides y triterpenos y/o esteroides en el extracto etéreo. Conclusión: la gran variedad de componentes químicos presentes en las hojas de J. secunda, le confieren un alto potencial para su uso medicinal como antiséptico, antiinflamatorio, antioxidante, entre otros(AU)

Introduction: Justicia secunda Vahl. leaves are widely used by rural populations from the Ecuadorian coast for medicinal purposes, but the properties attributed to it have not been verified. A study was conducted of hydroalcoholic, alcoholic and etheric leaf extracts. Objectives: Characterize the crude drug and several extracts of J. secunda to determine the presence of metabolites or active principles with medicinal potential, and analyze their possible usefulness to produce pharmaceutical products. Methods: An analysis was conducted of the physicochemical parameters of the crude drug. The leaves were collected at night and dried to constant weight in a stove at 30 °C ± 1 °C for 5 days. They were then crushed in a mortar and weighed. The extracts were obtained by maceration in various organic solvents, such as 90 percent ethanol, diethyl ether and a 50 percent v/v hydroalcoholic solution. For phytochemical analysis, qualitative techniques were applied to determine the main metabolites present in the extracts. Gravimetric techniques were used for determination of total ashes, total solids and percentage of humidity. Results: It was found that content of total ashes and residual humidity in the crude drug are within the limits established by USP 37 for items of botanical origin. Additionally, alkaloids, coumarins and phenolic glucosides were found to be present in the hydroalcoholic extract; tannins, phenolic glucosides and triterpenes and/or steroids in the alcoholic extract; and alkaloids and triterpenes and/or steroids in the etheric extract. Conclusion: The great variety of chemical components present in the leaves of J. secunda grants them high potential for medicinal use as antiseptic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant, among others(AU)

Chemical Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera Seeds

The phytochemical study for the extract of Nelumbo nucifera (Nymphaceae) seeds has led to the isolation of ten compounds including five simple phenolic compounds, two indole derivatives, a flavonoid glycoside, two abscisic acid derivatives. The interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-Q-TOF-MS spectroscopic data revealed the chemical structures of isolates to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), protocatechuic acid (2), (E)-p-coumaric acid (3), (E)-ferulic acid (4), (E)-sinapate-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), tryptophan (6), 3-indoleacetic acid (7), isoschaftoside (8), dihydrophaseic acid (9), dihydrophaseic acid 3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10). To the best of our knowledge, 1 – 5 and 7 were identified for the first time from N. nucifera seeds, and the presence of dihydrophaseic acid (9) and its glucoside (10) were demonstrated secondly in this plant.

Chemical Constituents Identified from Fruit Body of Cordyceps bassiana and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Cordyceps bassiana is one of Cordyceps species with anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-angiogenic, and anti-nociceptive activities. This mushroom has recently demonstrated to have an ability to reduce 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis symptoms in NC/Nga mice. In this study, we further examined phytochemical properties of this mushroom by column chromatography and HPLC analysis. By chromatographic separation and spectroscopic analysis, 8 compounds, such as 1,9-dimethylguanine (1), adenosine (2), uridine (3), nicotinamide (4), 3-methyluracil (5), 1,7-dimethylxanthine (6), nudifloric acid (7), and mannitol (8) were identified from 6 different fractions and 4 more subfractions. Through evaluation of their anti-inflammatory activities using reporter gene assay and mRNA analysis, compound 1 was found to block luciferase activity induced by NF-κB and AP-1, suppress the mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, our data strongly suggests that compound 1 acts as one of major principles in Cordyceps bassiana with anti-inflammatory and anti-atopic dermatitis activities.

Estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Loro grande) / Phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (loro)

Introducción: la especie Esenbeckia litoralis Donn.Sm. (Rutaceae) es también conocida como Loro o Loro grande, ha sido empleado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de mordeduras de serpientes, dolor de garganta y lesiones ocasionadas por picaduras de insectos. Esta variedad de actividades son causadas por acción de los compuestos que la constituyen, como lignanos, terpenos, alcaloides, cumarinas y polifenoles que representan un alto potencial farmacológico para esta especie. Objetivo: realizar el estudio fitoquímico y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de la especie E. litoralis. Métodos: los extractos vegetales de hojas corteza y madera se obtuvieron empleando etanol al 96 por ciento, y posteriormente fueron fraccionados usando técnicas cromatográficas como Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía en Columna (CC) y Cromatografía en Capa Delgada Preparativa (CCDP). Los compuestos se identificaron mediante el análisis de datos espectroscópicos con el empleo de técnicas instrumentales como: Infrarrojo (IR), Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Protónica y de Carbono trece (RMN-1H y 13C), Espectrometría de Masas (EM) y difracción de rayos x (DRX). La actividad antioxidante se evaluó a través de los métodos radical catiónico ABTS•+, radical libre DPPH• y Potencial de Actividad de Reducción Férrica (FRAP). Resultados: de esta especie se aislaron e identificaron cinco compuestos: cuatro alcaloides y un flavonoide. Los extractos en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza mostraron una significativa actividad frente a los radicales ABTS•+ con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 µg/mL respectivamente. Conclusiones: de los distintos extractos se aislaron cinco compuestos: 1-hidroxi-3-metoxi-N-metilacridona (1), maculosidina (2) maculina (3), dictamina (4) y gardenina B (5). El extracto en acetato de etilo de hojas y corteza presentaron una significativa actividad antioxidante frente al radical ABTS con un IC50 de 5,65 y 7,65 mg/L, respectivamente(AU)

Introduction: The species Esenbeckia litoralis Donn. Sm. (Rutaceae), also known as loro or loro grande, has been used in traditional medicine to treat snakebites, sore throats and lesions caused by insect bites. The compounds contained in the plant, among them lignans, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and polyphenols, are responsible for such a broad variety of activities, granting it great pharmacological potential. Objective: Conduct a phytochemical study and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the species E. litoralis. Methods: Plant extracts from leaves, stem and wood were obtained using 96 percent ethanol, and then fractioned with chromatographic techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic data analysis using instrumental techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1H and 13C), mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant activity was evaluated with the methods ABTSo+ radical cation, DPPHo free radical and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). Results: Five compounds were isolated from the species: four alkaloids and one flavonoid. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stem displayed significant activity against ABTSo+ radicals, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Five compounds were isolated from the various extracts: 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone (1), maculosidin (2), maculin (3), dictamin (4) and gardenin B (5). The leaf and stem extract in ethyl acetate displayed significant antioxidant activity against the ABTS radical, with a CI50 of 5.65 and 7.65 mg/l, respectively(AU)

Preliminary in vitro antimicrobial screening of chemical constituents isolated from the root of Lepleae mayombensis (Meliaceae).

The Phytochemical study of Methanol/dichloromethane extract of root of Leplaea mayombenis led to the isolation and identification four limonoids: (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-17-(2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl-)-11,12,13,15,16,17-hexahydro-4H-cyclopent[α] phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (1), (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl -17-(23-methoxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl-)-11,12,13,15,16,17-hexahydro-4H-cyclopent [α] phenanthrene 3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (2), (8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-6,11-dihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-17- ((s)-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofurano-3-yl)-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethy-l,10,11,12,13,15,16,17-octahydro-4H-cyclopent [α] phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (3), 8S,9R,10R,11S,13R,17R)-1,6,11-trihydroxy-14,15-epoxy-17- [((2s)-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofurano-3-yl)]-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-l,10,11,12,13,15,16,17-octahydro-4H-cyclopent[α]phenanthrene-3,7(8H,9H,10H,14H)-dione (4), one cycloartane : 9,10-cyclopropyl-(3S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R))-4,4,13,14,17-pentamethyl-l7-((2R,5S,6R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopentane[α]phenanthrèn-3-ol (5) and three steroids: β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (7) and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, all these compounds were isolated for the first time from the Leplaea mayombensis. The antimicrobial studies showed that isolated compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameters varying from 0.00 ± 0.00 to 29.00 ± 0.00 mm on both bacteria and fungi. 9,10-cyclopropyl-(3S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R) )-4,4,13,14,17-pentamethyl-l7-((2R,5S,6R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1 H-cyclopentane[α] phenanthrèn-3-ol (5) was the most active against Escherichia coli (28.00±0.00 mm), Pseudomonas sp (27.00±0.00 mm), Lactobacillus acidophilus (29.00±0.00 mm), Streptococcus pneumonia (23.00±0.00 mm) and Serratia entomophili (29.00±0.00 mm), C. albicans (12±0.00 mm), and T. viridae (13±0.00 mm) The results from this study support the conclusion that L. mayombensis contain many classes of antimicrobial compounds and therefore justify their traditional usage in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Inhibition of gelatinase activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by extracts of Bauhinia ungulata L / Inibição da atividade gelatinolítica de MMP-2 e MMP-9 a partir de extratos de Bauhinia ungulata l

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Tumour invasion and metastasis result from processes that include the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix adjacent to the tumour. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, have prognostic influence in human cancers after they cleave the main structural components of the basal membrane. These actions make MMPs an attractive target for cancer and metastasis studies. This study evaluated the inhibitory potency of extracts of Bauhinia ungulata L. (BU) on the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 and recognized the group of secondary compounds responsible for this property. The zymographic analysis of the BU stem revealed that the ethyl acetate partition (D) caused a higher inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The phytochemical study of D showed the presence of steroids, tannins, and coumarins and the significant presence of alkaloids and flavonoids. The phytochemical study of the fractions obtained through the column chromatography of partition D revealed a significant presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in the fractions that showed better inhibition of the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs. In conclusion, these results suggest that the stem fraction of BU has the potential to inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 and should be used in studies on the recognition of active biomolecules.

A metástase é a responsável pela maioria das mortes relacionadas ao câncer. Tanto a invasão tumoral quanto a metástase resultam de processos que incluem a degradação proteolítica da matriz extracelular adjacente ao tumor. As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs), especialmente as MMP-2 e MMP-9, têm influência direta no prognóstico dos diversos tipos de câncer humano, pois clivam os principais componentes estruturais da membrana basal. Estas ações fazem das MMPs alvos atraentes para estudos envolvendo câncer e metástase. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inibidor dos extratos de Bauhinia ungulata L. (BU) sobre a atividade gelatinolítica das MMP-2 e 9 e reconhecer o grupo de compostos secundários responsáveis por esta propriedade. Análises por zimograma do ramo de BU revelaram que a partição de acetato de etila (D) causou maior inibição de MMP-2 e MMP-9. O estudo fitoquímico de D mostrou a presença de esteróides, taninos e cumarinas e a presença significativa de alcaloides e flavonoides. As frações da coluna cromatográfica da partição D e seus estudos fitoquímicos revelaram uma grande presença de flavonoides e alcaloides nas frações que apresentaram maior inibição da atividade gelatinolítica de MMPs. Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que frações do ramo de BU têm o potencial inibidor de MMP-2 e MMP-9 e devem ser utilizadas em estudos envolvendo o reconhecimento de biomoléculas ativas.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analysis of Callus Extracts of Biophytum sensitivum (Linn) DC.

Aims: In vitro studies are highly instrumental in selecting a drug for a particular disease and also in getting the preliminary evidence to proceed for further In vivo pharmacological research. Hence, the study is designed to screen and identify the therapeutic suitability of this plant extract for the treatment of a particular disease. And to find out the presence of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of leaf callus cultures of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India during June 2010 to Dec 2010. Methodology: Here we induced the callus from the leaf explants of this species on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA and NAA. BA 1.0 mg/l with NAA 1.0mg/l is the best concentration for optimal results. The callus was extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol for 24h by using Soxhlet apparatus. These extracts were used to investigate the presence of phytochemicals which was performed according to the Aiyelaagbe and Osamudiamen [29] and Egwaikhide et al. [30] methods. The mean values were statistically analyzed with the MINITAB 14 by the general one way (un stacked) analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find out the most effective extracts Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of various solvent extracts showed the presence of phytochemicals viz., Terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, quinones and phenols. All the extracts except hexane showed highest zone of inhibition against gram positive and gram negative bacteria (4.46-22.9mm) as well as fungi (7.64-144.4mm) by agar well diffusion method at 100ppm concentrations. The results of present study indicate that the callus of this plant is a potential source of antimicrobial agents and drugs and need to be investigated further. Conclusion: From the present study, it is evident that, the antibacterial active constituent of Biophytum sensitivum is having a constant expression pattern over different pathogens. This plant leaf callus can be further subjected to enhancement and isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and carry out further pharmacological evaluation.

Characterization, antioxidant potential and cytotoxic study of mangaba fruits / Caracterização, potencial antioxidante e estudo citotóxico de frutos de mangaba

The mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) stands out and has a great potential for economic exploitation and researches have suggested relevant results regarding the nutritional and functional value of this food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to chemically and physicochemically characterize the mangaba fruit harvested in the Middle Araguaia region. It was evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, preliminary photochemical studies of phenolic components and the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic extract fruits against Artemia salina. The mean pH, the total titratable acidity and the value for reducing sugars conclude that the mangaba possesses the characteristics appropriate for both fresh consumption and for processing. Between the mean values measured, the fruits presented high fiber content and a low caloric value. The analysis of the antioxidant potential revealed a significant activity and in the volatile compounds analysis, esters were the major class presents. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed that phenols, flavonoids and tannins were present in the ethanolic extract of mangaba and a significant activity in the cytotoxicity assay was observed.

A mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) destaca-se pelo ótimo potencial de exploração econômica e pesquisas têm sugerido resultados relevantes em relação ao valor nutricional e funcional deste alimento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar química e físico-quimicamente os frutos de mangaba colhidos na região do Médio Araguaia. Foi avaliada a composição química, atividade antioxidante, compostos voláteis, estudo fitoquímico preliminar de compostos fenólicos e o potencial citotóxico de extratos etanólicos do frutos contra Artemia salina. O pH, a acidez total titulável e o valor de açúcares redutores concluem que a mangaba possui características apropriadas tanto para consumo in natura quanto para processamento. Entre os valores médios obtidos, os frutos apresentaram alto teor de fibra e um baixo valor calórico. A análise de potencial antioxidante revelou uma atividade significativa e, na análise de compostos voláteis, ésteres representaram a classe predominante. O resultado do ensaio fitoquímico revelou que fenois, flavonoides e taninos estavam presentes no extrato etanólico de mangaba e uma atividade significativa no ensaio citotóxico foi observada.

Explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. con fines medicinales / Use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes

Introducción: para la explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus con fines medicinales se necesita la determinación de algunos parámetros.Objetivos: establecer los parámetros de cultivo y poscosecha. Métodos: se determinó la forma de propagación asexual como tipos de estacas, sustratos y plantación directa de estas en el terreno; porcentaje que brotó; el comportamiento de cultivo en 3 fechas, plantando estacas de cualquier tipo directamente en canteros al sol (9 plantas/m2); inicio de cosecha de flores y rendimientos frescos en 15 recolecciones sucesivas por 7 días; presencia de plagas; tamizaje fitoquímico en extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso; parámetros farmacognósticos; tipo de secado; índices numéricos (humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua y alcohol 70 por ciento), y vida útil de la droga conservada por año a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: el mejor enraizamiento fue en zeolita; resultó preferible la plantación directa en área definitiva (90 x 40 cm) en cualquier fecha del año, la óptima fue mayo por mayores rendimientos de flores. Se observó presencia del crisomélido Phylotreta striolata y hongos; Alternaria sp. y Fusarium sp. en ramas. Se identificó mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios en el extracto alcohólico. Cualquier tipo de secado fue rápido y mantuvo el color natural de la droga. Las características organolépticas se conservan durante 1 año en frascos de vidrio y polipropileno; en los sobres de polietileno de baja densidad hay pérdida de color y olor a partir de 6 meses y presencia de Lasioderma serricorne en cualquier envase.Conclusiones: se demostró crecimiento vigoroso y alta producción de flores durante casi todo el año a partir de 5 meses de establecido el cultivo, la droga cosechada mantiene calidad por 6 meses en frascos de vidrio ámbar

Introduction: the use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes requires the determination of some parameters. Objectives: to determine cultivation and pre-crop parameters. Methods: forms of asexual spread such as types of pegs, substratum, and their direct plantation in the land were determined as well as the sprout percentage; cultivation behavior in three different dates, planting different types of pegs in flowerbeds exposed to the sun (9 plants/m²); beginning of the cultivation of flowers and fresh yield in 15 consecutive pickings for 7 days; presence of plagues; phytochemical screening in ethereal, alcoholic and aqueous extracts; pharmacognostic parameters; drying types; numerical values (humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water and 70 percent alcohol) and useful life of the drug preserved during a year at room temperature. Results: the best growing roots was seen in the zeolite; direct seeding was preferable in a definitive area (90 x 40 cm) at any in date of the year, the optimum date was May due to the possibility of obtaining better production of flowers; presence of chrysomelid Phyllotreta striolata and fungi was observed as well as Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. in branches. A greater diversity of secondary metabolites in the alcoholic extract was identified. Any type of drying was fast and maintained the natural color of the drug. The organoloeptic characteristics are kept for a year in glass and polypropylene bottles; in low density polyethylene packs, color and odor loss appears from the 6 months and Lasioderma serricorne is present in any container. Conclusions: a vigorous growth and a high production of flowers were demonstrated during almost all the year from the 5 months of cultivation establishment; the cultivated drug maintains its quality for 6 months in amber glass containers

Composición fitoquímica de los tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical composition of stems and leaves from Solanum nigrum L. grown in Cuba

Introducción: Solanum nigrum L. se emplea como antiséptico, expectorante, cardiotónico, digestivo diaforético y sedativo. Las hojas son usadas como emplastos para el reumatismo, enfermedades de la piel, y para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se considera un potente antiinflamatorio. Objetivos: determinar la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. Métodos: se recolectaron tallos y hojas de Solanum nigrum L., se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron, pulverizaron y les fueron realizadas extracciones sucesivas con solventes de polaridad creciente. Los extractos se filtraron y se les practicó ensayos fitoquímicos de identificación de metabolitos secundarios. Resultados: los resultados de la determinación de la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de las hojas y tallos, indican la existencia de varias familias de metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas, taninos y saponinas. Conclusiones: se destacan, por su significativa presencia, flavonoides, alcaloides, taninos y cumarinas, que resultan de interés biológico y farmacológico por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas

Introduction: Solanum nigrum L. is used as antiseptic, expectorant, digestive,cardotonic diaphoretic and sedative agent. The leaves are used as poultice for rheumatism, skin diseases, and for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is considered a potent antiinflammatory. Objectives: to determine the phytochemical screening of ethereal, alcoholic and watery extracts from the Solanum nigrum L leaves and stems. Methods: steams and leaves were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried off, pulverized, and finally underwent consecutive extraction processes with growing polarity solvents. The extracts were filtered and subjected to phytochemical tests to identify the secondary metabolites. Results: the results of the phytochemical study performed to ethereal, alcoholic, and watery extracts of leaves and stems, showed the existence of several families of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins tannins, and saponins. Conclusions: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and tannins are significantly present; they arouse the pharmacological and biological interest because of their possible therapeutic applications

THE PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CULTIVATED CALENDULA OFFICINALIS / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction: Calendula officinalis L. is aromatic herbaceous yearling of the family of Asteraceae. Ethanol extract, decoction and ointment of the plant is used to treat or relieve injury, trauma, erosion, purulent trauma or slow healing abrasions, furuncle, carbuncle, congelation,burn, bed sore, herpes and lichen as cream and spray. These pharmacological functions are related to carotinoid, stearin acid, triterpinoid, phenolic compound, polysaccharide, β-carotene, tannin, flavonoids found in flower of calendula officinalis [2, 3].Goal: To define biologically active substances in cultivated Calendula officinalisMaterials and Methods: Calendula officinalis has been harvested from Monos pharmacological institute, garden of medical plants and prepared according to the appropriate standards. β –carotene and flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometer, Alkaloid, tannin and ascorbic acids were quantified by tetrameter, Extractive substances, ash and humidity were quantified by weight analysis[1]Results: Quantitative analysis of the flower of calendula officinalis has been carried out following first Mongolian national pharmacopeia and Russian National pharmacopeia XI and defined that β –carotene 1.4313%, alkaloids 0.1229%, flavonoids 2.8817%, tannin 1.2376%, ascorbic acid 0.0702%, extractive substances 40.18%, ash content 11.75% and humidity 5.95%. Flower of calendula officinalis has been extracted by water, 30%, 50% and 80% ethanol, then made comparative analysis on content of β–carotiene. When extracted by 80% ethanol, content of β – carotene was the highest or 150 mg. Therefore optimum extraction solvent quantity has been defined to be 80% ethanol.Microbiological analysis has not revealed anyorganisms and bacteria in solid extract of the plant.Conclusions:1) Quality and countable analysis of biological active substance in the flower of calendula officinalis has been completed.2) β –carotene the main active substance in cultivated calendula officinalis, is found to be 1.4 gr which that meets Mongolian National Standards of medicine.3) The 80% ethanol extract of calendula officinalis contained 150mg β –carotene, the maximum content of β –carotene. Hence optimum extraction solvent was found to be 80%ethanol and it will be and used for future research.4) Microbiological parameters of 80% solid extract of the plant has met quality requirements.References:1. государственная Фармакопея XI вûпуск 2. москва 1990. с.1462. Коновалова о.в. рûбалко К.с. БиологическиАêтивные веùества Calendula officinalis L.“растительнûе ресурсû”. 1990. т. 26. вûп.3.с.448-4633. Cetkovic G.S. Djilas S.M. Canadanovic-Brunet J.M. Tumbas V.T. Antioxidant properties of marigold extract. “Food research International”. 2004. V.37. p643-650

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF PLANTS THAT HAVE IMMUNE SYSTEM SUPPORTING FUNCTION / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Background: In recent years the number of diseases that arise from compromised immune system has been steadily such as autoimmune and immunity expressing cleseases, research has been going on order to deverlop a highly effective medicine made from natural resources, with low risk of increasing toxicity and side effects that can be used to treat or prevent these diseases. Throughout the world, there are a number of plants that have been identified with immune boosting ability and the following plants Astragalus mongolicus Bunge , Salsola laricifolia Turcz, Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa Gontsch, Inula helenium that have been proven to support the immune system and grow in Mongolia were selected for a phytochemical study. Goal: An objective was set forth to identify a proper extragent (extraction solvent) to extract the biologically active compounds found in Astragalus mongolicus Bunge , Salsola laricifolia Turcz, Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa Gontsch, Inula helenium plants known to stimulate immune function. Results : Salsola laricifolia’s coumarin content was the highest or 0.33% when extracted with 60% alcohol, the flavonoid content was 0.56% when 55%, 60% alcohol was used as the extragent, 60% alcohol is determined to be an appropriate extragent. Astragalus mongolicus’s coumarin and flavonoid composition was quite high in 25% alcohol, specifically it contained 0.04% coumarin and 0.20% flavonoid. Inula helenium’s 50% alcohol extract contained 0.25% coumarin, 25% alcohol extract had a flavonoid content of 0.59% and 50% alcohol is determined to be proper extragent in future research Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa’s 50% alcohol contained 0.65% coumarin and 0.7% flavonoid, therefore 50% alcohol will be used to extract this plant for furthrer research

Tamizaje fitoquímico de Scutellaria havanensis Jacq / Phytochemical screening of Scutellaria havanensis JacQ

Introducción: la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq., conocida como escudo de La Habana, es una planta endémica de Cuba, empleada para el tratamiento de la escabiosis, como diaforético y febrífugo. Sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios fitoquímicos de esta planta. Objetivo: realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos etéreo, metanólico y acuoso de las partes aéreas (hojas y tallos) de la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. Métodos: se recolectaron las partes aéreas frescas y se extrajeron con éter dietílico, metanol y agua. Los extractos se filtraron y se les realizaron las pruebas fitoquímicas de identificación. Resultados: en el extracto etéreo se identificaron alcaloides, coumarinas, triterpenos y esteroides; en los extractos acuoso y metanólico se encontraron alcaloides, grupos aminos, azúcares, flavonoides, quinonas y resinas; mientras que en el extracto acuoso se detectaron saponinas y principios amargos. Conclusiones: Scutellaria havanensis, planta endémica cubana, contiene varios grupos de compuestos como flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros, que pudieran tener interés farmacológico potencial. Estos resultados constituyen un apoyo para continuar los estudios fítoquímicos y farmacológicos de los diversos extractos

Introduction: Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species, known as Escudo de La Habana (Havana skullcap), is an endemic Cuban plant, etnomedically used for the treatment of scabies and as a diaphoretic and a febrifuge. However, no phytochemical study of this plant has been made so far. Objective: to conduct a phytochemical study of the ethereal, methanol and aqueous extracts from aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species. Methods: fresh aerial parts were harvested and extracts were obtained with diethyl ether, methanol and water. The extracts were filtered and subjected to the phytochemical identification tests. Results: alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes and steroids were identified in the ethereal extracts, whereas alkaloids, amino groups, sugars, flavonoids, quinones and resins were found in the methanol and aqueous extracts, and saponins and bitter principles in the aqueous extract. Conclusions: Scutellaria havanensis, an endemic Cuban plant, contains several groups of compounds of potential pharmacological interest like flavonoids and alkaloids, among others. These results encourage continuing the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of several extracts